The protest in the capital, Dhaka, demanded its removal.
The demonstrators say the figure, a variation on the Greek goddess Themis but in a sari, goes against Islam.
The protest is another sign of tension between Islamic conservatism and liberal values in Bangladesh.
Backers of the conservative Islamist group, Hefazat-e-Islam, gathered outside the Baitul Mokarram mosque after Friday prayers, carrying placards and promising further protests across the country if the statue was not removed.
Idolatry
