The Court said it would not hear an appeal from the Authors Guild, which claimed Google breached copyright laws by scanning books without permission.
The technology giant began the process in 2004, so it could include extracts in a searchable database, and it was sued by the Authors Guild in 2005.
The Supreme Court's judgement is the final ruling on the matter.
Google's database of books lets people search through millions of titles and read passages and selected pages from them.